Related by context. All words. (Click for frequent words.) 76 disproportionately affected 58 disproportionately affects 56 severely impacted 54 disproportionately burdened 53 disproportionately 52 impacted 50 adversely impacted 49 traditionally underserved 49 negatively impacted 49 racially oppressed 49 negatively affected 47 nonminorities 46 disproportionally affects 46 adversely affected 45 overrepresented 45 Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander 45 negatively effected 45 Asian-American/Pacific Islander 45 predominantly nonwhite 45 unfairly burdened 44 disproportionally 44 Disproportionately 44 medically underserved populations 44 ethnically diverse populations 44 Asians Hispanics 43 affected 43 systematically discriminated 43 Pacific Islander AAPI 43 Predatory lending practices 43 colorism 43 minimally impacted 43 Afro descendant 43 Afro descendent 43 disenfranchise minorities 43 Nonwhite 42 linguistically diverse backgrounds 42 court rulings desegregating 42 transporting petrochemicals 42 racial disparities persist 42 AAPIs 42 wrote Newitz 42 Socioeconomic factors 42 Upticks 42 disproportionately afflict 42 Indians Alaskan Natives 42 underrepresented 42 predominately 41 Hispanics Asians 41 socioeconomic status SES 41 socioeconomic inequalities 41 Hispanic 41 resegregated 41 Indians Alaska Natives 41 nonmetropolitan 41 economically educationally 41 underserved populations 41 Latinos 41 longevity widowhood 41 underserved 41 af fected 41 inkjet colorants 41 socioeconomically disadvantaged 41 sharecropping farms 40 racial minorities 40 Supermetals 40 economically disadvantaged 40 historically underrepresented 40 Sara Steffens covers 40 medically underserved 40 adversely effected 40 predominantly 40 smoke menthol cigarettes 40 Latino 40 Hispanics 40 economically disadvantaged subgroups 40 impacting 40 Zehnder Merrell 40 Sziraczki 40 positively impacted 40 linguistically isolated 40 disenfranchise minority 40 Mark Mather demographer 40 nonpoor 40 economically advantaged 40 dalits tribals 40 affected Romero Lankao 40 socioeconomic status 40 underinsured 40 lowincome 40 Latinas os 40 umemployment 39 zero Bjorndal 39 LCLAA 39 poorer 39 affecting 39 unconstitutionally discriminate 39 Serving Institutions 39 unconstitutionally discriminated 39 historically undercounted 39 inaction jeopardizes 39 Scruggs Leftwich 39 Gay lesbian bisexual 39 disadvantaged 39 men bisexuals transgender 39 socioeconomic characteristics 39 unfairly discriminates against 39 socioeconomic 39 overrepresentation 39 sorely underrepresented 39 Legalized discrimination 39 communicable chronic 39 AI AN 39 vastly underrepresented 39 EPOP 39 smoke menthols 39 bisexual LGB 39 negatively impact 39 Minority Populations 39 unserved underserved 39 underserved communities 39 impacted negatively 39 Nina Perales 39 socioeconomic disadvantages 39 nonmetropolitan areas 39 nonurban areas 39 ethnically racially 39 Demographic shifts 39 darker skin pigmentation 39 Latino immigrants 39 Afro Caribbean origin 39 Winkleby 38 blacks Hispanics 38 socioeconomically deprived 38 Doehrel 38 discriminated against 38 limiting generalizability 38 socioeconomic strata 38 socioeconomic disparities 38 unfavorably impacted 38 medically underserved communities 38 boxing Lupe Contreras 38 blacks 38 religiously homogeneous 38 advantaged 38 disparities 38 Blacks 38 discriminated 38 CCL#L# copies 38 Gender inequality 38 obesity sedentary lifestyle 38 Latina o 38 Patricia Gandara 38 racial inequalities 38 racial inequity 38 Economically disadvantaged 38 renter households 38 Underrepresented minorities 38 Maori Pasifika 38 pigment alters 38 Deposada 38 impacts 38 NorStates Bank serves 38 Fard attracted 38 racial disparity 38 economically marginalized 38 gender nonconforming 38 Educational attainment 38 TuYo Mobile 38 outdated unsuited 38 educational attainment 37 nonminority 37 adversely impact 37 Tay Nung 37 BME backgrounds 37 Roper Batker 37 culturally linguistically 37 Casanova sociology professor 37 immunocompromised individuals 37 census tracts 37 Dandong inundating many 37 marginalized 37 impacton 37 Monied Burbs 37 depresses wages 37 washerwomen blacks 37 Black 37 ethnicity socioeconomic status 37 noncollege educated 37 culturally educationally 37 illiteracy malnutrition 37 socially disadvantaged 37 NBCSL 37 outnumber whites 37 lowand moderate income 37 Latinos Asians 37 uninsurance 37 Overwhelming majorities 37 socioeconomic variables 37 educationally disadvantaged 37 strain virtually untreatable 37 geographic disparities 37 problem Wiart 37 minorities 37 Confederate flag symbolizes 37 Alan Broadbent Expert 37 low birthweight infants 37 Tyres Mechanical 37 Kenneth Troske director 37 undertreating pain 37 Nonwhites 37 distributed equitably 37 woefully underrepresented 37 Impacted 37 Title VII prohibits 37 Alaskan natives 37 Richard Wolitski acting 37 Christian Dora Karantina 37 similarly situated 37 educational underachievement 37 abnormal lipid 37 boardinghouse recalling 36 Algernon Austin 36 partially counteracted 36 Hispanic whites 36 socio economically disadvantaged 36 socioeconomic statuses 36 Alaskan Natives 36 Sunbelt Mid Atlantic 36 Brian Urbaszewski 36 unemployment underemployment 36 Emptying Nests 36 Are 36 negatively impacting 36 ozone precursors 36 pesticide exposures 36 Demographic trends 36 STIMULUS WATCH Less 36 Trasviña 36 Underrepresented 36 Colorectal cancer incidence 36 harmed 36 nonblack 36 distributional effects 36 furious Gary Widemann 36 nonmarital childbearing 36 unfairly discriminate 36 unfairly discriminates 36 Coalition MedicAlert NRA 36 underrepresent 36 neurology dermatology 36 racialized 36 Underrepresented minority 36 Fong maternal grandfather 36 oppressed nationalities 36 socioeconomically disadvantaged students 36 exacerbated 36 teen birthrates 36 Freely Associated 36 culturally competent 36 Pinetree investments 36 racial inequities 36 Head Start preschools 36 Clare Pastore 36 Revlon ColorSilk hair 36 ripening strawberries 36 educationally socially 36 traditionally underrepresented 36 shouldering disproportionate 36 ethnic disparities 36 really blossom Schwietermann 36 hostility joblessness 36 Northeast Mid Atlantic 36 Elena Rios 36 Records Philips Polydor 36 Nomathande Dixon 36 causal pathway 36 Warnings abound 36 nonwhite populations 36 occupier militarily 36 educationally economically 36 racially polarized voting 36 HOPWA 36 Responded Letterman How 36 Gender inequalities 36 Permian Basin Rocky Mountains 36 cumin cilantro 36 disproportionably 36 Pacific Islander API 36 socioeconomically 36 blacks coloreds 36 Median Household 36 nonblacks 36 Montrose Ouray 36 detrimentally affecting 36 linguistically diverse 36 ethno racial 36 uninsured underinsured 35 student Abu Fatmah 35 legged ticks 35 neurology infectious 35 particularly hardhit 35 ethnically linguistically 35 hispanic 35 Inc. www.blackamericaweb.com owner 35 Darker skinned 35 Mr Bascand 35 gays lesbians bisexual 35 unfairly penalizes 35 overcounts 35 genital HPV infections 35 detrimentally impacted 35 economically disadvantaged backgrounds 35 Jeffrey Passel demographer 35 multigenerational households 35 Dark skinned 35 Minority Ethnic BAME 35 racially diverse 35 cardiopulmonary diseases 35 binding constraint 35 suffer 35 urbanicity 35 inequitably distributed 35 NAFEO 35 low birthweight babies 35 linguistically culturally 35 suburbs exurbs 35 nonmetro 35 emphysema chronic bronchitis 35 economically deprived 35 negatively affect 35 prohibiting discrimination 35 unfairly discriminated 35 Asian Pacific Islander 35 Interracial couples 35 Harry Truman desegregated 35 adversly affected 35 fact Shemelya 35 racially biased 35 crypt inscribed 35 Median household 35 upscale seashore 35 unduly burdened 35 LOU SOMOGYI 35 Distant quakes 35 hurting 35 blacks hispanics 35 John Trasviña 35 grossly underrepresented 35 negatively affecting 35 wracked archipelago 35 Mumola 35 impacted adversely 35 minorities outnumbers 35 Afro descendants 35 Sub saharan Africa 35 Carlson AMERIGROUP 35 chronic undernourishment 35 Explanations vary 35 religion caste creed 35 Economically Disadvantaged 35 universities HBCUs 35 demographic subgroups 35 inequitable distribution 35 mitigated 35 caucasians 35 DellaPergola 35 Splitville USA 35 Blowouts onshore Fear 35 delaying childbirth 35 undercounted 35 HORSHAM Pa. Child 35 oppressed minorities 35 Finance Corporation NMDFC 35 chronic undernutrition 35 Incentivizing 35 gini coefficient 35 La Fruta Drinkable 35 disenfranchised 35 predominately Caucasian 35 uneducated unskilled 35 Healthy Generations 35 TAMACC 35 Hispanic neighorhoods regardless 35 nonwealthy 35 latinos 35 darker skinned 35 affects 35 Greenback cutthroat trout 35 Trojan horse Braley 35 comorbid illnesses 35 richest quintile 35 vastly overrepresented 35 Pluralities 35 preventible 35 Opponents deride 34 Ansel interpreted 34 unmarried births 34 Sexually Transmitted Infections STI 34 treated unequally 34 affect 34 AHAA promotes 34 socioeconomically diverse 34 downscale whites 34 overgeneralize 34 Stanislaus Merced 34 GATT accord 34 GLBTs 34 Laser Printer Enterprise 34 untreated STDs 34 urban ghettos 34 Racial disparities 34 Vern Goehring manager 34 smoggiest cities 34 desertification deforestation 34 jebratt #/#/# #:# 34 ethnic BME 34 Puerto Ricans Dominicans 34 NWLC 34 Owned Businesses 34 Stroke Belt 34 ARKids 34 Al Hanay 34 Saket Soni director 34 disadvantaged Namibians 34 socioeconomic deprivation 34 Melissa McEver covers 34 inmigration 34 Lakeview Gentilly 34 socioeconomic inequality 34 Puerto Ricans Cubans 34 generalisable 34 William Frey demographer 34 devastate 34 undertreated 34 underlie famine 34 IDES Director 34 Benedict vestments 34 Asetoyer 34 atrisk 34 complementary agronomy feed 34 unequally distributed 34 Pacific Islander descent 34 vulnerable 34 unfairly disenfranchise 34 Workplace Agency EOWA 34 largely unaddressed 34 stigmatized 34 Inkjet colorants 34 SCs STs minorities 34 Reinvestment Coalition 34 dually eligible 34 Mississippi 34 Mortar shells pounded 34 underrepresentation 34 discriminatory 34 inundate coastal 34 Fund MALDEF 34 Circumcision reduces 34 Wayne Nastri administrator 34 emancipated foster 34 SUSANNAH BRYAN covers 34 creates perverse incentives 34 noncoastal 34 Assistance Programs ADAPs 34 geographically concentrated 34 white colobus monkeys 34 Diverse Communities 34 Mariana Boneo 34 racially polarized 34 inequalities persist 34 aversely affected 34 Association NHMA 34 poorest quintile 34 LISA MICHALS covers 34 Wipro ADSs 34 NAREIT FFO represents 34 Giovanna Negretti executive 34 Swati Mahaseth #-#-# 34 SCHIP enrollees 34 Demographers predict 34 Ben Monterroso 34 Rayan @ yahoo.in 34 JASON PHILYAW 34 grossly underserved 34 Remedying 34 widening inequality 34 socially disadvantaged farmers 34 Rosa Rosales 34 socio economically 34 black 34 bi racial 34 underdiagnosis 34 noncommunicable disease 34 Urinary incontinence affects 34 ethnically diverse backgrounds 34 MTEA believes 34 empowerment NAMIC champions 34 educationally deprived 34 Nadglowski 34 poverty underdevelopment 34 noninterest expense partially offset 34 Badgercare 34 Boulder Longmont Colo. 34 Predatory lending 34 Racial disparity 34 ethnically religiously 34 susceptable 34 frequent churchgoers 34 countries Wadhva 34 favorably impacted 34 runaways prostitutes 34 Campbell Lendrum 34 enact commonsense 34 racial disparities 34 felon disenfranchisement laws 34 Distressed Situations Inc. 34 evict Patten 34 defeated Latifa Lyles 34 Project Proyecto Derechos 34 Doug Bachtel 34 lowest quintile 34 AIDS HOPWA 34 Eathington 34 exacerbate 34 Nominal GDP includes 34 Per capita disposable 34 EEOC enforces 34 environmental degredation 34 Girl Scout alumnae 34 Regionwide 34 Contreras Edin 34 Arahuay lone industry 33 equitably distributed 33 Stephen J. Ubl 33 Invensys automation 33 Dr. Chad Moutray 33 whites coloreds 33 outmigration 33 Presidentially declared disaster 33 Institutionalized racism 33 postmenopausal hormone 33 Jones DeWeever 33 LGBTs 33 dampening effect 33 CSHCN 33 Echaveste 33 rheumatoid arthritis inflammatory bowel 33 unfairly burdening 33 Among 33 TurboSonic Technologies www.turbosonic.com designsGorgi 33 rightly offend 33 discriminate 33 Fraser Howze 33 Alderman Freddrenna Lyle 33 CPPW 33 nonelderly 33 subtitue prizing 33 accentuated 33 Reduce 33 evenly dispersed 33 tower Spirito 33 suffer OOTC WLVTQ 33 fulfill zakat 33 severe periodontitis 33 Underinsured 33 Demographers attributed 33 aff ected 33 recovery falters defaults 33 falling birthrates 33 Micronutrient deficiencies 33 browns grays 33 Shilah Phillips 33 contributable 33 hormone receptor negative 33 Geithner Disparity 33 CHD mortality 33 normalizing homosexuality 33 HSIs 33 Eliseo Medina executive 33 Pneumococcal vaccination 33 Owned Firms 33 scapegoated 33 generalizable 33 Ebere Collins 33 Ethnic Disparities 33 thereby exacerbating 33 Fresno Madera Mariposa 33 Latinas 33 malaria endemic regions 33 develops manufactures assembles 33 Pasifika peoples 33 polygynous 33 Rakesh Kochhar associate 33 Infant mortality rates 33 RoBerto 33 setting Koffenberger 33 Ohikhuare 33 pro Ouattara Adjame 33 herpes syphilis 33 Increasing urbanization 33 Health Disparities 33 underserve 33 dis advantaged 33 antidiscrimination protections 33 Black Caucus 33 Komen Affiliates 33 pigmented skin 33 Piecemeal reform 33 Many 33 Colorectal cancer screening 33 minty smokes 33 nonpoint sources 33 Joshua Intervenors 33 underpopulation 33 IMSA ASA 33 worsen 33 traditionally underserved populations 33 penetration educational attainment 33 noncommunicable diseases 33 Roberta Scerri di ve.com 33 GMCR supports 33 disfavors 33 blatantly discriminatory 33 kathy evans 33 Racism sexism 33 partially mitigated 33 Sunni Baluchi 33 Wial 33 Richard Holober executive 33 protects whistleblowers 33 exacerbating 33 whites 33 Chronic illnesses 33 hispanics 33 legged tick 33 Breastfed infants 33 stark racial disparities 33 Allan Zaremberg president 33 geographic diversity 33 snowballed imperiling 33 Children 33 oversample 33 Instituto del Progreso 33 Punch Jump Crew 33 ceramic armor plating 33 Liese Klein 33 shorter telomere length 33 socially deprived 33 Ashtabula Cuyahoga Geauga 33 Ines Franck director 33 inegalitarian 33 treated unfairly 33 Cambodian Laotian 33 micropolitan areas 33 Changing demographics 33 linguistically competent 33 unfairly stigmatize 33 Affirmative Action Employer 33 SRHR 33 Disparities 33 Catholics mainline Protestants 33 underrepresented populations 33 excluded 33 Amy Ritchart covers 33 enforced inconsistently 33 Johan Ditz Lemche 33 distributed unevenly 33 shorter commutes 33 Business Enterprise MWBE 33 Robin Weage 33 vigorously enforced 33 NLSY 33 CVD mortality 33 Cuyahoga Geauga Lake 33 Health Disparities Research 33 Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers 33 Higher Education NAFEO 33 inventory restocking fade 33 monolingual Spanish 33 singh @ gmail.com 33 unevenly distributed 33 Christopher Eshleman ceshleman@newsminer.com 33 addressing 33 Elizabeth Wamba 33 iodine deficient 33 papal emissaries 33 ethnically culturally 33 Naomi Earp 33 Robert McCaffree 33 Carol Pregill president 33 Justice PRLDEF 33 Latent tensions 33 Ziol Guest 33 analyst Vangelis Agapitos 33 PDIs 33 prevelance 33 Illegally obtaining 33 mulattos 33 Univision TeleFutura network 33 adverse impacts 33 Joan Trombetti Writer 33 Acid reflux disease 33 Garcia Bedolla 33 repealers already 33 Kurt Hildebrand khildebrand@recordcourier.com 33 menstrual irregularity 32 Amber Maitland 32 unacceptable brutalization 32 Fumed Metal Oxides 32 Anglo Saxon Protestants 32 victimized 32 detrimentally affect 32 medication nonadherence 32 constrained 32 linguistically appropriate 32 lowering uric acid 32 Timothy Pigford 32 ammonia hydrogen sulfide 32 african americans 32 Partly offsetting 32 adversely affecting 32 OfficialWire NewsDesk 32 Imagen Awards honor 32 Labor Hilda 32 limerock deliveries 32 racially identifiable 32 Acetyl Intermediates 32 geographic remoteness 32 Racial Fairness 32 biologically predisposed 32 Afro Brazilians 32 mentholated cigarettes 32 Multigenerational households 32 inter generational poverty 32 Opioid dependence 32 carnitine supplements might 32 Socioeconomic status 32 Mexicans Puerto Ricans 32 androgenic hormones 32 forced disappearances extralegal 32 affecting O2Micro 32 hemophilia inflammation autoimmune 32 lawyer Cyrus Mehri 32 Chicanos Latinos 32 Los Angeles APLA 32 Furor grows 32 unfairly stigmatized 32 Vernacular English 32 attorney Lisa Brodyaga 32 socioeconomics 32 Tahna Weston 32 Dalits tribals 32 immuno compromised 32 Voting Rights Acts 32 Macedonia ethnic Albanian 32 anal HPV 32 Historically Disadvantaged South 32 Marital rape 32 Linda Nafziger 32 economist Lawrence Mishel 32 menthol smokers 32 meteorologist Bryon 32 Rena J. Comisac 32 black Pentecostal denomination 32 bicultural bilingual 32 educational attainments 32 culturally ethnically 32 QuantumG # 32 lifetime abstainers 32 Richard Suzman Ph.D. 32 reds browns 32 untreated syphilis 32 felon disfranchisement 32 marrying nonwhites 32 impacting elk herds 32 cat scurries 32 productive goldfields 32 undertreatment 32 Secondhand smoke exposure 32 Lighter skinned 32 rating nonsignificant 32 disproportionate 32 Kremydas 32 communities 32 nonwage benefits 32 disproportional 32 Embrace Diversity 32 Stewart Kwoh 32 Biracial 32 L. Howse 32 entitled Willful Neglect 32 underrepresented minority 32 Mujeres Unidas y Activas 32 Racial discrimination 32 racial disproportionality 32 Pacific Islander 32 discriminates 32 demonstrated Sgreccia 32 Dave Goodban Flintshire Chronicle 32 proprietary Centralized Automated 32 perpetuated stereotypes 32 mammographic breast density 32 racial inequality 32 highest quintile 32 Jared Feuer 32 Chemotherapy induced 32 unwanted pregnancies sexually transmitted 32 perpetuating myths 32 Campylobacter Listeria 32 largely unaffected 32 balconies ululated 32 communi ties 32 traumatic disabling neurological 32 Criminalization 32 chronically unemployed 32 Hua Jinglei 32 Coloureds 32 APALC 32 Gerdano 32 disadvantage 32 knits wovens 32 meatpacking giants 32 Art Caleda president 32 Banco Hispano 32 burdened 32 Seninger 32 substitute hella 32 Prensa Hispana newspaper 32 privatizes Medicare 32 Network Coverdell LegalZoom 32 Kristen Lopez Eastlick 32 nutrient inputs 32 Cham ethnic 32 Reschovsky 32 combated 32 vascular constriction 32 closely correlated 32 crack cocaine epidemic 32 MEDirect 32 physiological nutritional 32 unduly burdens 32 transmitted heterosexually 32 unexplained vaginal bleeding 32 predominantly Guere population 32 unwed teenage mothers 32 prebates 32 smoldering silhouettes 32 slave reparations 32 Africans Coloureds 32 valve actuation systems 32 PolicyLink 32 politically infeasible 32 Adeza designs manufactures 32 Towering scholar 32 disserved 32 Bankruptcies foreclosures 32 Reliable Individual Health 32 fatal neurodegenerative disorders 32 Crisil Joshi 32 ethnic minorities 32 census tract 32 Universities HBCUs 32 wealthier eastern lowlands 32 Steep declines 32 geographically proximate 32 borne disproportionally 32 Dennis deLeon 32 Yasmine Regester 32 Osteoporotic fractures 32 undue burdens 32 Annualized PCL 32 undiagnosed untreated 32 Birth defects 32 Empowerment Zones 32 protected 32 concomitant cardiac 32 CHRISTINE RICCIARDI 32 recategorize 32 demographer Pam Perlich 32 ERIK RHYNE 32 English proficiency LEP 32 spokeswoman Meghan Dubyak 32 maternal neonatal 32 racially disparate 32 JOHNSON CUMMINS 32 Overdiagnosis 32 detrimental 32 Fine particle pollution 32 Discrimination Tip 32 Playfuls Team 32 Latina 32 drenching springs 32 immuno suppressed 32 causes genital herpes 32 disadvantaging 32 systematically discriminates 32 counteracted 32 Supplemental Nutrition Program 32 racially ethnically 32 Mr. Eishen 32 impact 32 andenergy 32 infant mortality maternal mortality 32 Caucasian males 32 targeted 32 Ms. Obaid 32 Engineered Support Structures Segment 32 Tirinzonie 32 Christine Feagan 32 rectal gonorrhea 32 Eleson 32 McAllen Edinburg Mission 32 Kelmon noted 32 upscale midscale 32 Moni Constantinescu 32 uncredentialed teachers 32 morbidity mortality 32 Dottie Wikan 32 Brownsville Harlingen San 32 chapter elucidates 32 Porous borders 32 redlined 32 deforestation desertification 32 occupationally exposed 32 squamous cell histology 32 benefiting 32 minority 32 EITC recipients 32 resegregate 32 Spillovers 32 communists Gypsies 32 menthol cigarette smokers 32 addressed 32 SCs STs OBCs 32 Dispelling myths 32 Chinook salmon steelhead 32 capacity utilisations 32 thereby negatively impacting 32 plaque buildup restricts 32 USERRA prohibits 32 director Ernest Gethers 32 disempowers 32 predictably livid 32 nonwhites 32 ghettoized 32 colorblind 32 John Bongaarts 32 Bibbins Domingo 32 Hannibal Tabu Staff Writer 32 woefully underreported 32 unduly restricts 32 Vitamin D deficient 32 Parasitic worms 32 VLBW 32 felon disenfranchisement 32 planet Schulze Makuch 32 difficulty affording 32 Ashkenazi Jewish 32 Guillermo Chacon 32 B streptococcal 32 intimate femicide 32 af fect 32 alcohol dependancy 32 worsening 32 combating HIV AIDS 32 culturally diverse backgrounds 32 GINA prohibits 32 MWDBEs 32 hypertension congestive heart 32 maternal morbidity 32 negatively impacts 32 Doubeni 32 Preterm births 32 sulfur dioxide SOx 32 Jason Heywards 32 Dr. Reza Barazesh 32 Action Agencies CAAs 32 Disparity 32 Aliya Latif 32 brunt 32 founder Fard Muhammad 32 Ms. Elauf 32 Edwinna Herrera Who 32 reaches epidemic proportions 32 deforestation overgrazing 31 perceptions adversely affecting 31 law abiding taxpaying 31 Dr. Sharonne Hayes 31 inequality stifles 31 interracial relationships 31 transracial adoption arguing 31 Cambodians Laotians 31 overweighed 31 eliminate racial disparities 31 boomer retirements 31 Accrued postretirement 31 uncontrolled urbanization 31 unfavorable variances 31 ethnics