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(Click for frequent words.) 76 atmospheric CO2 72 atmospheric carbon dioxide 71 CO2 concentrations 70 atmospheric CO2 concentration 69 carbon dioxide concentrations 67 atmospheric CO2 levels 67 atmospheric methane 65 atmospheric CO2 concentrations 65 GtC 65 GHG concentrations 65 anthropogenic CO 64 anthropogenic emissions 63 radiative forcing 63 ppmv 62 deglaciation 62 2oC 61 greenhouse gas concentrations 61 anthropogenic carbon dioxide 61 Le Quéré 60 ° C warmer 60 interannual variability 60 thermal inertia 60 glacial interglacial 60 climatic variability 60 ppm CO2 60 aerosol concentrations 60 seawater pH 60 yr -1 59 hydrologic cycle 59 Fig. 59 ppbv 59 anthropogenic greenhouse gases 59 sulfate aerosol 59 cosmic ray flux 59 atmospheric concentrations 59 sulfur dioxide SO 59 anthropogenic warming 59 anthropogenic greenhouse gas 59 oceanic circulation 59 δ 58 N2O emissions 58 nitrogen fixation 58 greenhouse warming 58 Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 58 interglacial periods 58 nitrogen deposition 58 phosphorus concentrations 58 solar irradiance 58 cosmic ray intensity 58 sulphate aerosols 58 tropospheric 58 ocean acidity 58 sulfate aerosols 58 forcings 58 terrestrial ecosystems 58 Wm -2 58 isotope fractionation 58 GPa 57 post perovskite 57 CO2 57 albedo 57 poleward 57 isotope ratios 57 Figs. 57 oC 57 anthropogenically 57 manmade CO2 emissions 57 clathrates 57 hydrological cycle 57 anthropogenic CO2 57 coccolithophores 57 Atmospheric CO2 57 Earth biosphere 57 anthropogenic 57 paleoclimatic 57 terrestrial biosphere 57 CaCO 3 56 Eemian 56 reactive nitrogen 56 surface temperatures SSTs 56 anthropogenic CO2 emissions 56 metallicity 56 carbonate minerals 56 glacial interglacial cycles 56 ozone O3 56 troposphere 56 oxidized mercury 56 cm -3 56 nitrification 56 Southern Oscillation 56 stoichiometry 56 oxygen isotope 56 marine sediments 56 decadal 56 stratospheric ozone 56 #.#oC [001] 56 shear modulus 56 Great Oxidation Event 56 sunspot activity 56 temperature gradients 56 lowermost mantle 56 SN Ia 56 hydroxyl radical 55 interglacial 55 Fig. 2c 55 aerosol particles 55 interglacial period 55 carbon dioxide 55 axial tilt 55 atmospheric aerosols 55 volcanic aerosols 55 multi decadal 55 equilibration 55 boreal ecosystems 55 Global Warming Potential GWP 55 tropospheric ozone 55 polycystin 55 atmospheric moisture 55 kyr 55 Eq. 55 basaltic rocks 55 sulfur isotope 55 warmings 55 mantle plumes 55 polar vortex 55 IGFBP 55 ρ 55 cm -1 55 τ 55 #.#C #.#C 55 teleconnections 55 Ice Ages 55 Permian extinction 55 Fig. 3b 55 RBP4 55 photoionization 55 phytoplankton biomass 55 Younger Dryas 54 species extinctions 54 carbon isotopes 54 Zeebe 54 Greenland icesheet 54 isotopic composition 54 TrES 54 marine phytoplankton 54 thermal gradients 54 geological timescales 54 Appy Sluijs 54 glaciations 54 SSTs 54 tropical troposphere 54 W/m2 54 Supplementary Table 54 Co2 54 electron density 54 Fig. 4A 54 phytoplankton populations 54 di GMP 54 Carbon dioxide CO2 54 extinctions 54 θ 54 longwave radiation 54 Keeling Curve 54 torr 54 atmospheric circulation 54 carbonate ion 54 ^ ^ sup 54 isotherm 54 isotherms 54 icesheets 54 upper troposphere 54 methane CH4 54 annealing temperature 54 isoprene 54 downwelling 54 interfacial tension 54 atmospheric ozone 54 carbon dioxide CO2 54 GHGs 54 water vapor 54 planetary warming 54 enthalpy 54 C4 grasses 53 thermohaline circulation 53 Sgk1 53 CO ² 53 atmospheric CO2 enrichment 53 glaciation 53 fig. S1 53 redox sensitive 53 gaseous pollutants 53 Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 53 olivines 53 magma ocean 53 fluxes 53 stomatal conductance 53 oxyhemoglobin 53 methanogenesis 53 Rossby waves 53 metastable 53 gigatonne 53 chlorine monoxide 53 advection 53 atmospheric nitrogen 53 substorm 53 gigatonnes 53 nonlinearities 53 autotrophic 53 Atlantic thermohaline circulation 53 mantle convection 53 ^ sub 53 abundances 53 Prochlorococcus 53 mT 53 σ 53 fig. S3 53 springtime ozone 53 Mg Ca 53 neutrino mass 53 irradiance 53 supersaturation 53 glacial cycles 53 plankton blooms 53 Rahmstorf 53 osmium 53 osmolality 53 spatial variability 53 photosynthetic organisms 53 atmospheric 53 conductance 53 phonon 53 lithosphere 53 Milankovitch cycles 53 Last Glacial Maximum 53 Behrenfeld 53 perovskite 53 ferroelectricity 53 osmotic stress 53 phytoplankton 53 inorganic mercury 53 tropopause 52 glacial melting 52 Fig. 2C 52 2C #.#F 52 stratospheric ozone depletion 52 degrees Fahrenheit warmer 52 carbon isotope ratios 52 mid latitudes 52 Fig. 1A 52 carbon fluxes 52 solar nebula 52 mK 52 sequestering CO2 52 keV 52 SO2 emissions 52 solvation 52 Medieval Warm Period MWP 52 Medieval Warm Period 52 urinary excretion 52 glacial melt 52 serum homocysteine 52 thermal equilibrium 52 crustal rocks 52 degrees Celsius above preindustrial 52 subglacial lakes 52 Arctic oscillation 52 mass extinctions 52 kcal mol 52 greenhouse gases 52 prostaglandin E 52 endothermic 52 isotopic 52 phytoplankton blooms 52 peroxynitrite 52 Late Ordovician 52 Sr Ca 52 CO -2 52 climate forcings 52 salinities 52 quasiparticle 52 quantum oscillations 52 SO2 emission 52 radiative transfer 52 sunspot cycle 52 dinitrogen 52 interconversion 52 pH 52 Pliocene 52 kelvin 52 Fig. 1a 52 Supplementary Fig 52 Rubisco 52 photosynthetic 52 Late Devonian 52 biogeochemical processes 52 adsorbate 52 tropical latitudes 52 earths 52 Rignot 52 climatic variations 52 meteoritic material 52 N2O 52 continental crust 52 Coulomb blockade 52 hepatic glucose production 52 Cow burps 52 wavefunction 52 gravitational acceleration 52 Antarctic stratosphere 52 Ca2 + 52 electrical resistivity 52 midlatitudes 52 Kharecha 52 deep convective clouds 52 hydrosphere 52 biogeochemical cycles 52 geological epoch 52 asthenosphere 52 acidification 52 Ozone depletion 52 chemical reactivity 52 greenhouse gasses 52 isotopic compositions 52 Antarctic ozone 52 elastic moduli 52 benthic foraminifera 52 oxygenic photosynthesis 51 silicate rocks 51 mesosphere 51 dipole moment 51 biogeochemical 51 fermion 51 CO2 CH4 51 diatoms 51 photolysis 51 aquaporin 51 coastal upwelling 51 ozone depletion 51 serum sodium 51 KT boundary 51 resonance frequency 51 magnetic substorms 51 lipoprotein cholesterol 51 Supplementary Figs 51 Trichodesmium 51 SiO 51 PaO 2 51 supersolid 51 HT 2A 51 climate modellers 51 Å -1 51 strontium isotope 51 Fig. 2b 51 arcmin 51 elevated atmospheric CO2 51 dwelling organisms 51 Fig. 3B 51 CO2 eq 51 permafrost melts 51 CHD mortality 51 8 OHdG 51 kilopascals 51 tropospheric temperature 51 chlorophyll concentrations 51 perturbation 51 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO 51 thermal gradient 51 ω 51 ocean basins 51 decoherence 51 dietary sodium 51 magnetization 51 isotope composition 51 nitrogenase 51 protonated 51 tectonic plate movements 51 glaciological 51 cryovolcanism 51 alkenes 51 coolings 51 heme oxygenase 51 Permian Triassic 51 depolarization 51 heterogeneities 51 seafloor sediments 51 oscillations 51 denitrification 51 degrees Celsius #.#F [001] 51 greenhouse gases GHGs 51 IPCC AR4 51 γ 51 sulfidic 51 nitrotyrosine 51 oxygen isotopes 51 Palaeocene Eocene thermal 51 Indian Ocean Dipole 51 chloride concentrations 51 glacial retreat 51 Elevated CO2 51 mid Pliocene 51 Pacific Decadal Oscillation 51 sunspot numbers 51 nitrogen fertilization 51 WASP #b 51 herbivory 51 glacier shrinkage 51 plasma leptin 51 interannual 51 foraminifera 51 #OHD 51 bacterial decomposition 51 coral calcification 51 serum glucose 51 Little Ice Age 51 anthropogenic aerosols 51 biospheric 51 Snowball Earth 51 triacylglycerol 51 mammal extinctions 51 permafrost degradation 50 radiative 50 Late Paleozoic 50 nitrous oxide emissions 50 #ppm CO2 50 superheavy elements 50 Fig. 2a 50 cryosphere 50 thioredoxin 50 diatom 50 degrees above preindustrial 50 interglacials 50 cm ^ sup 50 angiosperm 50 subglacial 50 polar caps 50 ligand receptor 50 sulfate 50 albedo feedback 50 serum calcium 50 diffusive 50 reaction kinetics 50 fig. S2 50 Anthropogenic 50 compressive stress 50 airglow 50 nonequilibrium 50 Fig. 1c 50 PUFAs 50 Celsius #.#F 50 salinity 50 Holocene 50 biosphere 50 Type Ia supernovas 50 Dirac fermions 50 CO -2 emissions 50 supercooling 50 Malte Meinshausen 50 Cambrian Period 50 plasmon 50 earths surface 50 Cryogenian 50 meteorite bombardment 50 Le Quere 50 anisotropy 50 thyroid hormone levels 50 mass extinction 50 permafrost soils 50 thermal conductance 50 forams 50 degree Centigrade 50 orbital eccentricity 50 dissolved inorganic 50 auxin 50 desorption 50 malonyl CoA 50 cm -2 50 Jevrejeva 50 methane 50 pollutant concentrations 50 volcanism 50 glycolytic 50 temperature gradient 50 preindustrial times 50 adsorption isotherms 50 nuclides 50 calcium Ca 50 amplifying feedbacks 50 ε 50 z ~ 50 photoperiod 50 pseudogap 50 Fig. 2A 50 high redshift galaxies 50 isotopic variations 50 contaminant concentrations 50 FiO 50 anoxic 50 anthropogenic climate 50 retinol binding protein 50 HETE 50 cytokine interleukin 50 glucose concentrations 50 methyl chloroform 50 meV 50 benthos 50 transgene expression 50 Sulphur dioxide 50 dynamical processes 50 chlorine peroxide 50 La Nià ± 50 teragrams 50 El Niño Southern Oscillation 50 chondrites 50 exosphere 50 Climatic Optimum 50 phytoplankton bloom 50 X ray pulses 50 #.#C [004] 50 β 50 osmotic pressure 50 W/cm2 50 periodicities 49 MEK1 49 wolverine habitat 49 hydrated electron 49 climate modelers 49 formamide 49 mol 49 recrystallization 49 translationally 49 nonlinearity 49 intracellular pH 49 ULIRGs 49 ozone depleting gases 49 carbondioxide 49 preindustrial levels 49 m ^ sup 49 z = 49 ^ sup 49 pyridyl 49 sediments deposited 49 mRNA expression 49 neutrino oscillation 49 martensite 49 χ 49 co2 49 Paleoclimate 49 nitrous oxide N2O 49 Ulysses spacecraft 49 tectonic uplift 49 BLLs 49 hydroxylation 49 multidecadal 49 SST anomalies 49 glycemia 49 carbonyl sulfide 49 decadal variability 49 Greenhouse gases 49 ostracodes 49 trophic 49 CO 49 nonfasting triglycerides 49 temporal variability 49 urinary oxalate 49 permafrost 49 NOX emissions 49 NO2 49 isotopic ratios 49 Fig. 1b 49 Greenland Ice 49 Neoproterozoic 49 trophic levels 49 oxo 49 asparagine 49 heavy fermion 49 inhomogeneities 49 serum LDL cholesterol 49 Greenland ice 49 El Niños 49 fluid viscosity 49 asteroid impacts 49 pressure natriuresis 49 Phanerozoic 49 sedimentary deposits 49 Rayleigh scattering 49 sedimentological 49 psia 49 carbonic acid 49 thermosphere 49 outlet glaciers 49 photosynthetic apparatus 49 equatorial Pacific Ocean 49 permafrost thaw 49 biogenic 49 bile acid 49 seismicity 49 ectotherms 49 sorption 49 chromosphere 49 acidity pH 49 warm interglacial 49 atmospheric deposition 49 evapotranspiration 49 nitrogen oxide NOx emissions 49 Medieval Warming Period 49 Halifax Weather Overcast 49 Greenhouse gasses 49 alpine glaciers 49 ° С 49 g cm 49 Stratospheric ozone 49 Ocean acidification 49 ˚ C 49 º Fahrenheit 49 adiabatic 49 arsenite 49 Fig. 2B 49 rhizosphere 49 serum HBV DNA 49 gigatons 49 km3 49 magnon 49 deuterium 49 protein phosphatase 49 carbonate globules 49 Pacific decadal oscillation 49 acidifying oceans 49 Tc 49 Serreze 49 Carbon Dioxide 49 Madden Julian Oscillation 49 decadal scale 49 microampere 49 glacial meltwater 49 magnetic polarity 49 paleomagnetic 49 ENSO cycle 49 spicule 49 Quaternary Period 49 Kelvin -# 49 claudin 49 olivine 49 carboxylic acid 49 sediments 49 anammox 49 Mpc 49 lunar crust 49 oligotrophic 49 Velicogna 49 FGF# 49 m z 49 explosive volcanism 49 melting permafrost 49 martian meteorites 49 crustal 49 Paleocene Eocene thermal 49 Schladow 49 catabolism 49 runaway greenhouse 49 acidic oceans 49 vibrational modes 49 subsurface ocean 49 B meson 49 permafrost thaws 49 diurnal variation 49 amino acid asparagine 49 serum uric acid 49 helium isotopes 49 cyanobacterial 49 frictional resistance 49 velocity dispersion 49 natriuretic peptides 49 ozone concentrations 49 preindustrial 49 heterotrophic 49 anomalously warm 49 hydrothermal activity 49 single celled algae 49 gigapascals 49 deoxy 49 paleoclimate 49 biogenic emissions 49 midge populations 49 μM 49 cobalt atom 49 methanogens 49 ozone depleting compounds 49 emmisions 49 solar corona 49 clathrate 49 Mg Fe 49 hyperoxia 48 ncRNA 48 microvolts 48 hypercapnia 48 pCi l 48 isoprostane 48 º Celsius 48 copper oxide superconductors 48 sunspot cycles 48 hydrophobicity 48 geosynchronous orbit reached 48 electron scattering 48 magnetisation 48 SNe Ia 48 degreesC 48 picosecond 48 CAIs 48 #.#C #.#F [003] 48 magmas 48 ecoregions 48 NH4 + 48 Pol IV 48 oxygenation 48 CO2 fluxes 48 phenanthrene 48 methane concentrations 48 sulfation 48 exoplanetary systems 48 CD1d 48 residual confounding 48 ref. 48 Earth albedo 48 streamflow 48 Dansgaard Oeschger 48 anion 48 meteorite impacts 48 glutamate glutamine 48 thermal diffusivity 48 Dietary fiber 48 oxidations 48 matter antimatter asymmetry 48 Fig. 4B 48 ionized calcium 48 Otto Bliesner 48 micromolar 48 redox 48 oxygen isotopic composition 48 methane oxidation 48 fluorescence intensity 48 logarithm 48 total solar irradiance 48 oxygenated hemoglobin 48 perturbations 48 inhomogeneous 48 frequency harmonics 48 Fig. 3A 48 icecaps 48 serum urate 48 strange quark 48 upper tropospheric 48 ferric iron 48 sealevel 48 cystatin C 48 geosphere 48 SOx emissions 48 above preindustrial levels 48 GlcNAc 48 nitrogen 48 photon energies 48 greenhouse gas nitrous oxide 48 HAAs 48 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 48 radiocarbon 48 mmol 48 Svante Arrhenius 48 isostatic rebound 48 cuprate superconductors 48 tiny single celled 48 photosynthesis 48 ghg emissions 48 macrophage infiltration 48 greenhouse gases GHG 48 oxygen isotope ratios 48 NADPH 48 El Niño La Niña 48 Sumatra Andaman earthquake 48 geomagnetic activity 48 hypoxic zone 48 redshift 48 NO3 48 μg dL 48 NADH 48 subcellular compartments 48 Amundsen Sea Embayment 48 reionization 48 Miocene epoch 48 planktonic algae 48 thermodynamically 48 magnetic susceptibility 48 monotonically 48 -# mV [002] 48 ° C 48 trans palmitoleate 48 Amazonian forests 48 galactic cosmic rays 48 ν 48 #.#C warmer 48 unconventional superconductivity 48 Elevated concentrations 48 palmitoleate 48 dynamical evolution 48 hydraulic conductivity 48 dissolved salts 48 Jakobshavn 48 oceanic currents 48 chondritic 48 GJ#b 48 chondrules 48 manmade greenhouse gases 48 meridional flow 48 insolation 48 conventional superconductors 48 absorption spectra 48 diffusion coefficient 48 serum phosphate levels 48 phreatic 48 dipolar 48 Fig. 3a 48 antineutrinos 48 cratons 48 extrasolar 48 photoemission 48 tectonic stresses 48 stomatal 48 nitrogen isotope 48 sulfuryl fluoride 48 Rab5 48 Alternative splicing 48 Eric Rignot 48 mitochondrial membrane potential 48 miRNA expression 48 proteolysis 48 hydrofluorocarbon HFC 48 Soil pH 48 oxidized LDL 48 bosonic 48 Corot 9b 48 Doppler shifts 48 chlorophyll fluorescence 48 μmol L 48 airborne pollutants 48 EROEI 48 Laurentide ice sheet 48 thermally activated 48 CO ² emissions 48 tetrapods evolved 48 cuprates 48 Tibetan Plateau 48 linewidth 48 photocurrent 48 Deccan volcanism 48 deg Celsius 48 logarithmic scale 48 AR4 48 absorption coefficient 48 FEV ^ sub 48 photochemical reactions 48 noble gases 48 planktonic 48 radial velocity method 48 iron arsenide 48 TIMP 48 dissolved oxygen 48 smoothed sunspot number 48 cTnT levels 48 Auger recombination 48 hypoxic zones 48 urate 48 Harvati 48 Acidification 48 planktonic foraminifera 48 jovian 48 angiosperms 48 biogeochemistry 48 equatorial latitudes 48 methane burps 48 elemental composition 48 El Nio 48 potent greenhouse gas 48 Jakobshavn Isbrae 48 supercurrent 48 Fig. 1B 48 obliquity 48 photosynthetic machinery 48 Warmer oceans 47 cometary material 47 degree centigrade 47 #ppm [002] 47 palaeoclimate 47 temperature 47 intact parathyroid hormone 47 membrane permeability 47 serum phosphate 47 vibrationally excited 47 Anthropocene 47 CO ₂ 47 octanol 47 ° latitude 47 plasma glucose 47 logarithmically 47 elastic modulus 47 glaciers melt 47 Arctic icecap 47 cyclin B1 47 -# º C [002] 47 º C 47 galaxy redshift 47 macroscopically 47 Geomagnetic 47 Gigatonnes 47 acrylamide formation 47 Min temp 47 dangerous anthropogenic interference 47 isoenzyme 47 emmissions 47 glycated hemoglobin levels 47 invariant 47 Ordovician extinction 47 cytokine IL 47 SeaWiFS 47 vibrational frequency 47 thermodynamic 47 proton decay 47 Type Ia supernova 47 acrolein 47 planet magnetosphere 47 Stefan Rahmstorf 47 carbon dioxide CO ² 47 intracellular Ca 2 47 silicic acid 47 Milankovitch 47 iron fertilization 47 ozone 47 dynamin 47 latitudes 47 terawatts 47 sulfur isotopes 47 NDVI 47 amphibian declines 47 icesheet 47 KaiC 47 microphysical 47 blackbody 47 thermodynamic properties 47 Species extinction 47 sun irradiance 47 GHG emissions 47 thermally induced 47 reef habitats 47 #ppm [001] 47 electron flux 47 ubiquinol 47 greenhouse gas 47 caveolae 47 dispersive 47 carbon sinks 47 PBDE concentrations 47 Proteobacteria 47 outgassing 47 fasting triglycerides 47 gaseous methane 47 groundwater depletion 47 W bosons 47 sequester atmospheric 47 geothermal gradient 47 HbA 1c 47 glomerular filtration rate 47 kPa 47 hydroxyl radicals 47 greenhouse emissions 47 Nd 47 hydrogenase 47 leukocyte counts 47 Neogene 47 H#K#me# 47 dissolved oxygen DO 47 Fel d 47 μV 47 nucleosynthesis 47 polyunsaturated fatty acid 47 nsec 47 W boson 47 quinone 47 Anisotropy 47 geomagnetic field 47 oscillation amplitude 47 alkalinity 47 PER2 47 acetyl CoA 47 NOx emission 47 volcanic plumes 47 diffusivity 47 solar insolation 47 YBCO 47 #.#nm [002] 47 amphipods 47 X ray binaries 47 endonuclease