Related by context. All words. (Click for frequent words.) 67 Walt Meier 65 Rignot 63 NSIDC 63 Mark Serreze 61 Rahmstorf 61 Velicogna 60 Konrad Steffen 60 Julienne Stroeve 59 scientist Mark Serreze 58 Gerald Meehl 58 Martin Sommerkorn 58 Scambos 58 Mojib Latif 58 Robert Bindschadler 58 Deedler 57 Eric Rignot 57 Ted Scambos 57 Bindschadler 57 Amstrup 56 Waleed Abdalati 56 Behrenfeld 56 Nielsen Gammon 56 climate modellers 56 glacial melting 56 Blair Trewin 56 Dennis Todey 56 O'Lenic 55 Wieslaw Maslowski 55 Gerald Meehl senior 55 Landsea 55 Zeebe 55 Luthcke 55 Patzert 55 Abdalati 54 Arctic oscillation 54 Trenberth 54 Bette Otto Bliesner 54 glacial retreat 54 Pielke 54 Le Quéré 54 Jay Zwally 54 greenhouse warming 54 Luterbacher 54 Greenland ice 54 Romero Lankao 53 Mark Serreze senior 53 Marika Holland 53 atmospheric circulation 53 iceberg calving 53 Nolan Doesken 53 Orjan Gustafsson 53 Abdussamatov 53 scientist Jay Zwally 53 Stramma 53 Stefan Rahmstorf 53 El Nino La Nina 53 sunspot cycle 53 Todey 53 glacial melt 53 Jane Ferrigno 52 Arctic Ocean 52 Shad O'Neel 52 Jakobshavn 52 Carolyn Driedger 52 El Nino warming 52 Aleklett 52 Lushine 52 Joshua Scheck 52 Drew Shindell 52 Waleed Abdalati director 52 glaciers 52 Dr Trewin 52 Vernon Kousky NOAA 52 global weirding 52 Omar Baddour 52 Josefino Comiso 52 sunspot activity 52 glaciologist 52 glaciers melting 52 Claudia Tebaldi 52 Laidre 52 mountain glaciers 52 climatologist 52 climate modelers 52 hydrological cycle 52 Otto Bliesner 52 Richard Camilli 51 Kristin Laidre 51 Dikpati 51 Arctic Oscillation 51 Dariusz Leszczynski 51 icecap 51 #.#C above 51 Eemian 51 phytoplankton biomass 51 Schladow 51 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO 51 Tulaczyk 51 Hamish Pritchard 51 Arctic icecap 51 forecaster Helen Chivers 51 Molnia 51 Andrew Derocher 51 La Niña pattern 51 temperature reconstructions 51 atmospheric methane 51 von Frese 51 deglaciation 51 Kossin 51 Caspar Ammann 51 Dr van Ommen 51 anthropogenic warming 51 Harry Hillaker 51 Pierre Friedlingstein 51 Pastelok 51 Zoback 51 Jay Lawrimore 51 9NEWS Meteorologist Marty Coniglio 51 Schellnhuber 51 Gresiak 51 Jakobshavn Isbrae 51 climatologically 51 oceanic circulation 51 Dukesherer 51 El Ninos 50 Bill Chameides 50 Philip Mote 50 Jan Gunnar Winther 50 Kevin Trenberth 50 Kocet 50 atmospheric CO2 50 Greenland glaciers 50 warmings 50 CU Boulder Cooperative 50 glacier shrinkage 50 Hillaker 50 glacier melting 50 Roger Pielke 50 Dennis Feltgen meteorologist 50 colder winters 50 Bernie Rayno 50 Jonathan Overpeck 50 Schmittner 50 NCAR scientist 50 polar caps 50 interglacial period 50 Sheldon Drobot 50 melting permafrost 50 Noah Diffenbaugh 50 ocean acidity 50 Corinne Le Quere 50 glaciations 50 Dronning Maud Land 50 Tad Pfeffer 50 thermal inertia 50 el Nino 50 El Niños 50 cryosphere 50 paleoclimate 50 snowier winter 50 boreal regions 50 Einar Kjartansson geophysicist 50 Puijila 50 Alpine glaciers 50 Julander 50 Synte Peacock 50 Hoegh Guldberg 49 warmer temperatures 49 El Nio 49 eruptive activity 49 Pete Boulay 49 Petoukhov 49 Le Quere 49 permafrost melting 49 Kevin Trenberth climate 49 Weiqing Han 49 degrees Fahrenheit warmer 49 Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction 49 Jay Lawrimore chief 49 Robert Corell 49 Bill Patzert 49 snowpacks 49 Braathen 49 O'Dor 49 Svensmark 49 Govindasamy Bala 49 State Climatologist 49 Isabella Velicogna 49 Willerslev 49 Roger Pielke Jr. 49 Joan Kleypas 49 Corinne Le Quéré 49 glaciers melt 49 Eric Steig 49 Vilfand 49 Ignatius Rigor 49 polar regions 49 icesheet 49 #.#C warmer 49 Sara Seager 49 atmospheric CO 49 Climatologist 49 Ted Scambos glaciologist 49 AccuWeather forecasters 49 Climate Impacts Group 49 midlatitudes 49 sheet Summerhayes 49 hurricane landfalls 49 Von Frese 49 decadal 49 surface temperatures SSTs 49 Administrator Jane Lubchenco 49 Geir Braathen 49 Koplien 49 streamflows 49 Lubchenco 49 Amundsen Sea 49 Aiguo Dai 49 Wilfried Haeberli 49 Anthony Barnosky 49 Dorthe Dahl Jensen 49 Fagre 49 Doesken 49 Lautenbacher 49 Rouiller 48 Shakhova 48 cosmic ray flux 48 atmospheric CO2 levels 48 receding glaciers 48 Pacific Decadal Oscillation 48 equatorial Pacific Ocean 48 lunar perigee 48 La Ninas 48 Georg Kaser 48 Igor Semiletov 48 Derocher 48 Russ Hopcroft 48 Klaus Wolter 48 Straneo 48 Ekwurzel 48 Brian Rolstone 48 hypoxic zone 48 outlet glaciers 48 Kahlbaum 48 mid latitudes 48 Finnish Meteorological 48 Arbeter 48 Richard Pasch 48 Inez Fung 48 Himalaya glaciers 48 glacier melt 48 Wuebbles 48 geomagnetic activity 48 Mausumi Dikpati 48 Kounaves 48 snowpack 48 Climate Prediction Center 48 Ira Leifer 48 molten lava flowing 48 anthropogenic CO2 emissions 48 glaciers melted 48 journal Geophysical Research 48 Evanego 48 Maunder minimum 48 Jevrejeva 48 icesheets 48 Nate Mantua 48 climatology 48 Peter Ewins 48 ocean acidification 48 Pacific Decadal Oscillation PDO 48 Ny Alesund 48 Dean Pesnell 48 NOAA Climate Prediction 48 Jake Lowenstern 48 climatologists 48 Strobin 48 solar irradiance 48 El Nino Modoki 48 Ocean acidification 48 El Niño La Niña 48 Tanya Shenk 48 Yun Qian 48 Stroeve 48 Latady Island 48 Kristina Pydynowski 48 Bruce Jakosky 48 Robock 48 Arctic 48 El Nino periodic 48 La Nina pattern 48 Kucharik 48 isostatic rebound 47 USGS geologist 47 Michael Studinger 47 climatic variability 47 glacier retreat 47 Jonathan Lunine Cassini 47 J. Klotzbach 47 Bramley Murton 47 polar ice 47 Angus Barkhuff 47 Mosteiko 47 Madryga 47 polar vortex 47 thermohaline circulation 47 Wirdzek 47 warmer winters 47 Svante Arrhenius 47 Ron Bruch 47 Dzurisin 47 Antarctic Peninsula 47 Wallace Broecker 47 subglacial lakes 47 Betsy Weatherhead 47 hotter summers 47 Greenland glacier 47 Fram Strait 47 Phil Klotzbach member 47 warmer wetter winters 47 Dlugoenski 47 storminess 47 anomalously warm 47 meltwater 47 Koesterich 47 Marciski 47 Tarduno 47 Indian Ocean Dipole 47 Rupa Kumar Kolli 47 Cryospheric Sciences Branch 47 Lonnstrom 47 Climate Impact Assessment 47 polar icecap 47 Overpeck 47 Klekociuk 47 carbon dioxide concentrations 47 Andrew Balmford 47 Jennifer Schack 6News 47 Priscu 47 nitrogen deposition 47 Kreil 47 Pellettiere 47 Konacki 47 colder drier 47 Ken Caldeira 47 Greenland icesheet 47 Sromovsky 47 Camille Parmesan 47 Helen Chivers 47 Hatzos 47 Maury Roos 47 authors Kevin Trenberth 47 James Feyrer 47 Heasler 47 #.#oC [001] 47 KT boundary 47 Wilkins Ice Shelf 47 mid Pliocene 47 Klotzbach 47 Doug Inkley senior 47 heavier rainfalls 47 interglacial periods 47 Paal Prestrud 47 Hongbin Qu chief 47 Jonathan T. Overpeck 47 statistical blip 47 Andy Mussoline 47 teleconnections 47 pika habitat 47 Lynn Fegley 47 Glaciologists 47 sunspot numbers 47 climate modeler 47 Natalie Mahowald 47 snowier 47 Glaciologist 47 Feltgen 47 Koleci 47 degrees warmer 47 Jianjun Yin 47 Roger Pielke Sr. 47 Lunine 47 Stooksbury 47 NCAR scientist Synte Peacock 47 Drake Deming 47 Natalia Rybczynski 47 Hanstrum 47 Skvarca 47 dustier stormier atmosphere 47 Bob Corell 47 glaciers retreating 46 Last Glacial Maximum 46 Changnon 46 Michael Blanpied 46 Hoeppe 46 atmospheric carbon dioxide 46 Gerapetritis 46 Gabriel Zada neurosurgeon 46 Little Ice Age 46 paleoclimatology 46 #.#C #.#C 46 Ontario Lacus 46 Ellen Stofan 46 wetter winters 46 Neil Adger 46 Brooke Taber 46 Elissa Lynn 46 Reynir Bodvarsson director 46 IPY 46 Miketta 46 Haim Biton 46 Meehl 46 meteorologist Robert Molleda 46 ° C warmer 46 journal Nature Geoscience 46 D' Aleo 46 axial tilt 46 Andreas Muenchow 46 Warmer oceans 46 mesosphere 46 Fauzi seismologist 46 Mike Efferson 46 decadal variability 46 Villy Christensen 46 Mark Ratzer 46 mountain snowpacks 46 Jerry Mahlman 46 precipitation 46 Dave Samuhel 46 palaeoclimate 46 Chris Rapley 46 Trudy Wohlleben 46 Craig Carnesi 46 Sebenste 46 Paleoclimate 46 multi decadal 46 Paul Pastelok 46 streamflow 46 Neukum 46 Calambokidis 46 National Climatic Data 46 Maggie Mooney Seus 46 radar altimetry 46 Molleda 46 Climatic Research 46 Roman Vilfand 46 Beth Abramson 46 Nansen Environmental 46 Mohammed Ajmal Shad 46 glaciation 46 Watt Cloutier 46 Ghassem Asrar 46 Nares Strait 46 Vladimir Keilis Borok 46 La Nina occurs 46 C# atmospheric concentrations 46 Mars Squyres 46 Antarctic peninsula 46 glacial cycles 46 Jurgen Rehm 46 Hegerl 46 Jarraud 46 Cempa 46 Craig Evanego 46 Greenland Antarctica 46 permafrost 46 aerosol concentrations 46 William Kininmonth 46 Natalia Shakhova 46 Atmospheric Administration Jane Lubchenco 46 Heldmaier 46 Elisabeth Cardis 46 Hik 46 Medieval Warming Period 46 Roger Bilham 46 Steve Lohrenz biological 46 Glaciology 46 interglacial 46 Wolszczan 46 Maria Zuber 46 Permian extinction 46 Wingenter 46 permafrost degradation 46 SMHI 46 private forecaster Meteorlogix 46 Dansgaard 46 Michelle Mainelli 46 geoid 46 Craig Matkin 46 NCAR scientist Gerald Meehl 46 Weather Service forecasters 46 Greenland icecap 46 drier winters 45 monsoon rainfall 45 Kilimanjaro glaciers 45 cryovolcanism 45 La Niñas 45 Bill Patzert climatologist 45 acidification 45 Oklahoma Climatological Survey 45 Brenda Ekwurzel climate 45 Goske 45 Blanpied 45 glaciological 45 Norwegian Polar 45 Douglas Biesecker 45 A'Hearn 45 Mandushev 45 greenhouse gas concentrations 45 ocean basins 45 Carl Wunsch 45 Svalbard archipelago 45 Ross Salawitch 45 Jim Eberwine 45 Nir Barzilai 45 Milankovitch cycles 45 Kristina Pydynowski Senior 45 supervolcanoes 45 Hoerling 45 Canadell 45 Medieval Warm Period 45 Nils Axel Morner 45 Bedritsky 45 extinctions 45 equatorial Pacific 45 Eske Willerslev 45 Maya Tolstoy 45 Hope Mizzell 45 Deke Arndt 45 Professor Hoegh Guldberg 45 Snowpack 45 La Nina cooling 45 radiative forcing 45 Solar Terrestrial Physics 45 glacial earthquakes 45 Nancy Prouty USGS 45 Krimigis 45 Victor Sardina 45 Glaciers melting 45 mountain snowpack 45 Mayes forecaster 45 Wasowski 45 interannual variability 45 Ken Hudnut 45 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel 45 normal precip 45 phytoplankton blooms 45 Matt Friedlein 45 glaciers recede 45 Nature Geoscience 45 Paola Lagorio president 45 polar oceans 45 Christian Marcussen 45 CO2 concentrations 45 Mark Rowlett KTXS 45 El Nino Southern Oscillation 45 Biogeography 45 Earth axial tilt 45 Mary Stampone 45 smoothed sunspot number 45 Roger Pielke Jr 45 Michel Jarraud secretary 45 Climate modelers 45 Richard Lindzen 45 Tom Nalepa 45 Dynamic Predictables 45 manmade CO2 emissions 45 glacial interglacial 45 meteorologist Dennis Feltgen 45 Alexander Goncharov 45 Mike Raupach 45 Bastardi 45 Indian climatologist Rajendra 45 Jim Kauahikaua 45 climatologist Nolan Doesken 45 North Atlantic Oscillation 45 Joe Bastardi 45 Karkanen 45 Buesseler 45 La Nina 45 forecaster Barry Gromett 45 Hilia Vavae 45 ice melts 45 Wysession 45 Sugata Hazra 45 Jennifer Pralgo hurricane 45 Sigmundsson 45 Kunches 45 Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum 45 Fabrycky 45 Anthony Swerdlow 45 Icelandic Meteorological Office 45 multidecadal 45 Kruzdlo 45 Guido van Langenhove 45 satellite altimetry 45 Sauchyn 45 Mewaldt 45 Tegmark 45 Luann Becker 45 glaciers retreated 45 polar 45 Steig 45 S. Lindzen 45 tropospheric temperature 45 atmospheric CO2 concentration 45 Keeling Curve 45 winter snowfalls Luthcke 45 Hoffmayer 45 Simone Tilmes 45 Vikhlinin 45 Jim Lushine 45 #.#C #.#F [004] 45 glacier 45 atmospheric concentrations 45 Petermann Glacier 45 Augie Auer 45 Kutzbach 45 Younger Dryas 45 nighttime lows 45 Climatology Office 45 Lascody 45 Alice Lichtenstein 45 albedo 45 9NEWS Meteorologist Ashton Altieri 45 Henry Margusity 45 Gabriel Vecchi 45 Witness Barbara Sambriski 45 Antarctic glaciers 45 Phil Klotzbach 45 John Kocet 45 Alfred Wegener 45 oceanic currents 45 Kharecha 45 SFE Futures 45 Zedeker 44 Antarctic ozone 44 coccolithophores 44 Al Shipe 44 Rossby waves 44 central equatorial Pacific 44 Brigham Grette 44 Pedro Martinez Arbizu 44 Hans von Storch 44 faster Zwally 44 Jonathan Patz 44 Venusian atmosphere 44 Gangwisch 44 snowmelt 44 Lida Pet Soede 44 Son Nghiem 44 Palumbi 44 Medieval Warm Period MWP 44 Glude 44 Claude Côté 44 landfalling hurricanes 44 colder snowier 44 melting glaciers 44 atmospheric chemist 44 El Niño winters 44 Arctic Oscillation AO 44 minus 1C 44 Meteorologists predict 44 biological oceanographer 44 Katherine Flegal 44 Global warming 44 species extinctions 44 Lixion Avila 44 Chris Waythomas 44 Brian Breidert 44 Climatologists 44 streamflow forecasts 44 Onsager 44 gigatonnes 44 tropical troposphere 44 decadal scale 44 ice calved 44 Syed Iqbal Hasnain 44 sunspots 44 anthropogenic climate 44 Ed O'Lenic 44 icecaps 44 Grottoli 44 Ice Ages 44 permafrost thaws 44 Barjenbruch 44 Winkelmayer 44 La Niña 44 Roenneberg 44 Frank Guidone Company 44 Pasachoff 44 Törnqvist 44 Swistock 44 Triyani 44 Michael Palmerino forecaster 44 SC Bhan 44 Scott Luthcke 44 warm interglacial periods 44 William Bottke 44 anthropogenic global warming 44 Lyngen 44 dangerousness Devall 44 sunspot cycles 44 CryoSat mission 44 measurable precipitation 44 Climate Prediction 44 Pachauri IPCC 44 WeatherWatch.co.nz 44 megacryometeor 44 Steve Murawski 44 midlatitude 44 Chris Landsea 44 Herb Thoms 44 snowier winters 44 Todd Heitkamp 44 Kellenbenz 44 Eran Hood 44 amphibian declines 44 Geological Survey ecologist 44 upwellings 44 Jacqueline Savitz marine 44 Kangerdlugssuaq 44 National Climactic Data 44 icefield 44 Doug McDonnal 44 Stuart Seto 44 Accuweather.com 44 snow melt 44 Liam Smeeth 44 Beroza 44 Kocin 44 Slawek Tulaczyk 44 Greg Spoden 44 John Hocevar 44 Julia Slingo 44 Mojzsis 44 Alaskan glaciers 44 Amundsen Sea Embayment 44 Petermann glacier 44 Joe D' Aleo 44 Brian Tentinger 44 Hotter summers 44 Sergey Zimov 44 Niels Bohr Institute 44 Gregway 44 Likwartz 44 Matt Sayers 6News 44 Analyst Trilby Lundberg 44 Russell Henes 44 Jay Grymes 44 Jay Belsky 44 author Jerica Berge 44 Uccellini 44 milder winters 44 Rene Heroux 44 Philip Klotzbach 44 ENSO 44 Stephen P. Utkus 44 Bill Abeling 44 specialist Stuart Seto 44 Malte Meinshausen 44 San Diego Scripps Institution 44 paleoclimatic 44 #.#C [004] 44 MeT department 44 Neil Gamson 44 Lashof 44 deep convective clouds 44 Leitzmann 44 Souman 44 Eduardo Zorita 44 Xiaodong Song 44 Brendan Godley 44 Ausubel 44 Wadhams 44 Fasting glucose levels 44 Smol 44 Madden Julian Oscillation 44 Lubchenko 44 NWS Meteorologist 44 Rashid Sumaila 44 ship Akademik Fyodorov 44 NCEAS 44 Richard Spinrad 44 Maslanik 44 NOAA Geophysical Fluid 44 Donald Scavia 44 Noaa 44 van Mantgem 44 Graeme Pearman 44 restriction Alor 44 British Antarctic Survey 44 Cryogenian 44 shrinking glaciers 44 Tyree Wilde 44 Qinghai Tibet plateau 44 Noel Isla 44 geological timescale 44 Gitro 44 Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 44 Samuel Wickline 44 CoML 44 Jeffrey Kargel 44 manmade global warming 44 terrestrial ecosystems 44 CO2 fluxes 44 Eric Rimm 44 Snowpacks 44 oceanographers 44 Gunstad 44 Hans Graber 44 Schellart 44 warmest 44 Jack Beven 44 Laptev Sea 44 Antarctic krill 44 mutually exclusive Zucker 43 Adélie penguins 43 Richard Donnell Hometrack 43 Kompoltowicz 43 Frugis 43 Warmer seas 43 decadal milestone 43 snowpack melts 43 Blair Witherington 43 Jacob Verhoef 43 Stuart Gaffin 43 amplifying feedbacks 43 Vernon Kousky 43 Jianli Chen 43 CIRES 43 Hertsgaard 43 Adnan Akyuz 43 James Peronto 43 Greenland Ice 43 heart wrenching Hrkac 43 Koebnick 43 AccuWeather.com meteorologist 43 Morens 43 Oliver Pergams 43 MIT planetary scientist 43 DeChaine 43 Cosmic Microwave Background 43 Vatnajökull 43 glacier calving 43 #.#C #.#F [003] 43 Benjamin Santer 43 subarctic 43 melting glacial 43 Alex Sosnowski 43 harmful algal bloom 43 hurricanes Landsea 43 PA WeatherCentre 43 Karevoll 43 Wirgin 43 USGS scientist 43 Moetasim Ashfaq 43 Dan Dzurisin 43 anthropogenic greenhouse gases 43 Lindzen 43 Hofreiter 43 Friis Christensen 43 climatological 43 Odd Aksel Bergstad 43 Evolutionary theory 43 Pacific decadal oscillation 43 ozone depletion 43 Kay Tee Khaw 43 Andrew Dessler 43 subglacial 43 Raupach 43 private forecaster DTN 43 warmest winters 43 Brian Lasorsa 43 Dr. Raoult Ratard 43 Gearheard 43 alpine glaciers 43 ivory gull 43 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 43 meltwater stonefly 43 Demian Chapman 43 Steve Capriola 43 N. Spotts 43 Noctilucent clouds 43 Pep Canadell 43 mass extinctions 43 Melissa Kemperman 43 Umar Rosadi 43 Michael Kaplitt Parkinson 43 Truffer 43 anthropogenic 43 Johannes Lehmann 43 subsurface ocean 43 Richard Pasch senior 43 Gaetano Di Achille 43 Gregory Asner 43 Himalayan glaciers melting 43 glacial shrinkage 43 Corn Belt USDA 43 forcasters 43 Artsob 43 southern latitudes 43 moon permanently shadowed 43 University Lamont Doherty 43 Louise Prockter 43 Tony Cristaldi 43 rocky terrain Pinhasi 43 Nature Geoscience journal 43 warmer wetter 43 Goldilocks planet 43 icefields 43 Carnethon 43 La Nià ± 43 Michel Jarraud 43 Peter Frumhoff 43 Himalayan Glaciers 43 Mayan calendar ends 43 Rupke 43 DeWeaver 43 AR Ravishankara 43 Climatology 43 Bottke 43 Hindell 43 equatorial waters 43 Southampton NOCS 43 Abby Sallenger 43 Tom Gillaspy 43 bones Lyson 43 Dave Loewenthal 43 supermoon 43 heatwaves floods droughts 43 Cecilia Bitz 43 Ny Ålesund 43 La Niña winters 43 Dr Raupach 43 Idso 43 Tropical Meteorology Project 43 Semotiuk 43 glaciologists 43 landfalling 43 Dessler 43 Lowenstern 43 Bill Randby 43 Anthropocene 43 duplicates Carbin 43 World Meteorological Organization 43 GISS analysis 43 Bering Glacier 43 Fomalhaut b 43 Leif Kullman 43 Roeckner 43 Jane Lubchenco NOAA 43 seabed sediments 43 lake sediment cores 43 tropical cyclones 43 ENSO neutral 43 Alex Kreiss 43 Nerem 43 Syun Ichi Akasofu 43 Laurentide Ice Sheet 43 Shepson 43 ppmv 43 tropical glaciers 43 bluefin NOAA 43 Kirsten Bibbins Domingo 43 Freese Notis 43 Bedout 43 walrus polar bears 43 scientist Julienne Stroeve 43 Tibetan Plateau 43 Gary Nabel 43 Michael Leitzmann 43 Extension climatologist 43 Matt Slobodjian 43 Roy Criss 43 Irva Hertz Picciotto 43 Greg Bargmann 43 Figurskey 43 Josh Nagelberg 43 Shamay Tsoory 43 Opposes drilling 43 Tumi geologist 43 Coral bleaching 43 Jassim Zeidan al 43 Butch Kinerney FEMA 43 Eleusizov 43 Ebbesmeyer 43 James Lovelock 43 Neils Bohr 43 Crutzen 43 Laurentide ice sheet 43 Bounoua 43 Lona Sandon 43 Pieter Tans 43 Joel Burgio meteorologist 43 subpolar 43 melting 43 journal Climatic Change 43 Hadow